手术治疗主要用于去除瘤灶，达到治疗的目的，同时也适用于癌症的预防、诊断、 分期、术后结构重建与功能康复等。这种方法不存在生物抵抗性；无潜在致癌可能； 不受肿瘤差异性影响；能提供准确的病理分期及组织学类型；适用于大部分未扩散 的肿瘤。但是会破坏正常组织；可有手术并发症，可致畸形、影响正常功能，甚至 危及生命；已有转移者，不能完全治愈；重要器官无法彻底切除。
Local symptoms might arise mainly because of the mass of the tumor or its ulceration. For instance, mass results from lung most cancers can block the bronchus resulting in cough or pneumonia; esophageal cancer could potentially cause narrowing on the esophagus, making it tough or distressing to swallow; and colorectal cancer may produce narrowing or blockages in the bowel, influencing bowel routines. Masses in breasts or testicles could generate observable lumps.
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Conservation is the heart of what the zoo have confidence in, and do the job in conservation in 4 categories, in the sphere, breeding, sustainability and schooling
[188] The success of chemotherapy is commonly limited by its toxicity to other tissues in the human body. Even if chemotherapy will not give a permanent treatment, it may be helpful to cut back signs like pain or to decrease the size of an inoperable tumor in the hope that surgery will develop into achievable Down the road.[citation necessary]
參加臨床實驗的病患有機會得到其所參與實驗的新療法的幫助，但是新的治療方式並不保證會有良好的結果，新療法也可能有未知的風險，嚴重的話甚至會導致死亡。但如果新療法成功的話，接受實驗的病人可能會最先受益。臨床實驗在美國有相當嚴格的進行規範，無論是在人選的選擇以及藥物劑量都有標準操作原則。以避免研究者為了加速研發新藥物，不顧病患的權益，貿然在人體上進行高風險的新療法測試。實際上有許多例子也顯示，即使是通過嚴格標準篩選出可進入臨床實驗階段的抗癌藥物，在臨床上的結果並未如預期的有效。這樣的結果也反映癌症的多原性以及人體系統的複雜度，我們在抗癌藥物的研發上仍有漫長的路途要走。
全身性的症狀：體重減輕、食欲不振、惡病體質、大量出汗（夜間盜汗）、貧血
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Significant-scale mutations entail the deletion or get of a part of a chromosome. Genomic amplification occurs every time a mobile gains copies (frequently twenty or more) of a small chromosomal locus, normally containing one or more oncogenes and adjacent genetic substance. Translocation takes place when two independent chromosomal areas develop into abnormally fused, often in a attribute place.
抽烟、饮酒、熬夜等不良习惯，以及性别、衰老和肥胖等生理因素，也是某些癌症的风险因素。
制定标准和工具，以指导筹划和实施针对成人和儿童癌症的预防、早期诊断、筛查、治疗、姑息治疗和生存关怀措施；
活體組織切片後取下的組織，經染色後由病理醫師判讀，此圖所示為惡性黑色素瘤之切片 病患可能經由許多症狀或檢驗結果被懷疑罹患癌症，但診斷惡性腫瘤最確定的方式就是經由病理醫師對活體組織切片或經手術取得的組織做病理檢查來證實癌細胞的存在。許多活體組織切片，例如皮膚、乳房或肝臟等，在醫師的診療室內即可取得。但是其他器官的切片，則需要在麻醉情形下在手術室進行。
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Deficient expression of DNA fix proteins as a result of an inherited mutation can enhance cancer pitfalls. 癌症 People today using an inherited impairment in almost any of 34 DNA repair genes (see report DNA maintenance-deficiency ailment) have increased cancer chance, with some defects making certain a one hundred% life time possibility of cancer (e.